Effects of Pod Maturity Phases on Physical Dormancy Induction in Silk Tree (Albizia julibrissin Durazz) Seeds
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29329/silva.2023.518.03Keywords:
Germination percentage, Maturity phases, Moisture content, Silk treeAbstract
The study examined the effect of the pod colors as an index of maturity phases on seed traits of silk tree (Albizia julibrissin Durazz). Silk tree pods were simultaneously collected at five maturity phases based on pods color in late September in the Hyrcanian plain forest, Tashbandan-Iran. Seeds were removed from pods and seed moisture content (MC), 1000 seed weight (1000 SW) and germination performance were determined. Maturity phases affected seed MC and 1000 SW. MC and 1000 SW were the highest at the pod color of full green (61% and 64.2 g, respectively). As the seeds matured, MC and 1000 SW decreased, and the lowest MC and 1000 SW were found as 8.5% and 36.2 g, respectively at seeds harvested at the dark brown stage. Germination percentage (GP), germination speed (GS) and mean germination time (MGT) were significantly affected by seed maturity phases, and GP and GS were the lowest in the dark brown pod stage (6% and 0.2, respectively). GP and GS was the highest at seeds harvested at the half green-half brown stage. MGT was increased to the maximum when seeds were harvested at the dark brown pod stage (29.8). This study showed that when pods have reached maturity, the coats of the seeds have no barrier to germination but as ripening continues, germination of silk seeds were hindered by impervious seed coats that retard the entry of water. The study revealed that pod color could be used as an indicator for physical dormancy level of silk tree seeds.References
Aitken, Y. (1939). The problem of hard seeds in subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 51, 187-213.
Azad, S., Biswas, R. K., & Matin, A. (2012). Seed germination of Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. in Bangladesh: A basis for seed source variation and pre-sowing treatment effect. Forestry Studies in China, 14, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-012-0209-z
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Academic Press.
Bewley, J. D., & Black, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of development and germination. Plenum Press.
Bhupendra, S., Sunil, P., Uniyal, A., & Jagmohan, S. (2008). Effect of seed maturity on germination and seedling growth of Albizzia lebbek (L.) Wild. National Institute of Ecology, 19, 15-19.
Bianco, C., & Kraus, T. (2005). Desarrollo y estructura de la semilla y el fruto de Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC. (Fabaceae). Phyton, 54, 71-77. (In Spanish)
Bonner, F. T. (2008). Seed biology. In F. T. Bonner & R. P. Karrfalt (Eds.), The woody plant seed manual (pp. 3-38). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Falleri, E., Muller, C., & Laroppe, E. (1997). Effect of ethephon on dormancy breaking in beechnuts. In R. H. Ellis, M. Black, A. J. Murdoch & T. D. Hong (Eds.), Basic and applied aspects of seed biology (pp. 303-309). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fordham, A. J. (1968). Propagation of Albizia julibrissin. Arnoldia, 28, 36-40.
Francis, J. K., & Rodríguez, A. (1993). Seeds of Puerto Rican trees and shrubs: Second installment. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Gogue, G. J., & Emino, E. R. (1979). Seedcoat scarification of Albizia julibrissin (Durazz.) by natural mechanisms. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 104, 421-423.
Khera, N., Saxena, A., & Rao, O. (2000). Germination response to collection date and storage method in Neem (Azadirachata indicia A. juss). Range Management and Agroforestry, 21(2), 184-192.
ISTA. (2008). International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology, 13, 300-520.
Jayasuriya, K. M. G. G., Baskin, J. M., Geneve, R. L, & Baskin, C. C. (2007). Seed development in Ipomoea lacunosa (Convolvulaceae), with particular reference to anatomy of the water gap. Annals of Botany, 100(3), 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm137
Kim, J-H., Kim, S. Y., Lee, S-Y., & Jang, C-G. (2007). Antidepressant-like effects of Albizzia julibrissin in mice: Involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor system. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.03.018
Li, X., Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (1999). Comparative morphology and physiology of fruit and seed development in the two shrubs Rhus aromatica & R. glabra (Anacardiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 86(9), 1217-1225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656769
McDonald, M., Black, M., & Bewley, J. (2000). Seed technology and its biological basis. Plenum Press.
Moore, C. E., & Moore, A. W. (1962). Periodic germination of seeds of Albizzia julibrissin Durazzani. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 37, 17-18.
Panwar, P., & Bhardwaj, S. D. (2005). Handbook of practical forestry. Agrobios.
Parrotta, J. A. (1987). Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. Siris. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1404.1683
Parrotta, J. A., Wick, H. L., & Walters, G. A. (2008). Albizia Durazz. In F. T. Bonner & R. P. Karrfalt (Eds.), The woody plant seed manual (pp. 227-229). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Qu, X., Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2010). Whole-seed development in Sicyos angulatus (Cucurbitaceae, Sicyeae) and a comparison with the development of water impermeable seeds in five other families. Plant Species Biology, 25(3), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00283.x
Rolston, M. P. (1978). Water impermeable seed dormancy. The Botanical Review, 44, 365-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02957854
Samarah, N. H., Allataifeh, N., Turk, M., & Tawaha, A. R. (2003). Effect of maturity stage on germination and dormancy of fresh and air-dried seeds of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 46(4), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2003.9513563
Samarah, N. H. (2005). Effect of drying methods on germination and dormancy of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seed harvested at different maturity stages. Seed Science and Technology, 33(3), 733-740. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2005.33.3.21
Samarah, N. H. (2007). Slow drying improved desiccation tolerance of immature seeds of common vetch. Seed Science and Technology, 35(1), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2007.35.1.12
Seth, A., & Agrawal, R. (2003). Optimum time for the collection of Populus ciliate seed. VanVigyan, 20, 74-76.
Virendra, S., Lavania, S. K., Sah, V. K., & Kumar, S. (2005). Studies on the effect of date of fruit collection on seed germination and early seedling growth in Himalayan Ash (Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh). The Indian Forester, 131(1), 31-36.
Van Staden, J., Manning, J., & Kelly, K. (1989). Legume seeds - The structure: function equation. In C. H. Stirton & J. L. Zarucchi (Eds.), Advances in legume research (pp. 417-450). Missouri Botanical Garden.
Willan, R. (1985). A guide to forest seed handling with special reference to the tropics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Forestry Papers, 20(2), 379.
Younsheng, C., & Szikaie, O. (1985). Preliminary study on the germination of Toora sinensis (A. Juss) Roem. seed from eleven Chinese provenances. Forest Ecology and Management, 10(3), 269-281.
Zheng, H., Wu, Y., Ding, J., Binion, D., Fu, W., & Reardon, R. (2004). Invasive plants of Asian origin established in the United States and their natural enemies. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
