Forest Sector in a Sustainable and Circular Bioeconomy: Sustainability and Circularity of Forest-Based Value Chains

Abstract

This article analyses the existing and possible limitations to an increased circularity in forest-based value chains in the construction, furniture manufacturing, cellulose-based fibers, and plastics sectors. The analysis provides evidence that not all forest-based value chains can be circular in all circumstances. In some cases, the focus on circularity may cause environmental externalities, in other, it may not guarantee economic viability. Information analyzed comes desk research of existing scientific papers and previous reports. It was complemented by information from websites of organizations promoting circular economy and sustainability concepts. The analysis focuses on countries where these concepts are present in policy and research agendas, and consequently, are better documented in English scientific literature. In addition, opinion articles and discussions during the International Conference on Cellulose Fibers in Cologne, Germany, editions 2020, 2021 and 2022 served as a starting point for formulating original ideas and suggestions. The article concludes that to ensure sustainability of the forest-based value chains, continuous consideration, and coordination of circularity at all stages of the value chains are needed. In addition, the transition to a sustainable and circular bioeconomy needs to be enabled by the legislator and develop organically, based on the location of industries, proximity to available (waste) resources and the consumer preferences. These coordinated actions will require involvement and cooperation of different actors outside the existing sectoral silos towards a more cross-cutting value chains approach, at all levels. This will allow a progressive transition towards a comprehensive circular, bio-based system. Market forces will guide this process.